Kadolha

Kadolha (Kadolhan: Кадољска / Kadoĺska), officially the Republic of Kadolha (Kadolhan: Рэпублика Кадољска / Republika Kadoĺska), is a  located in southern Zemlya, on the mainland it shares a border with Bloodia through the special administrative regions Vačarje and Larinija to the north, Arkanovia to the south, Bolguria to the east and Lipnitia to the north, Lubilia to the east, Sataria to the north and Lipnitia once more to the east through the exclave Primoria, a maritime border is shared with Lyrinia to the southwest. Kradelas, is located in the Capital Region and it is the official seating of the government.

The Kadolhans are considered natives to their lands, having been the first people to establish the first country in the area, called the Kadolhan despotate in 654 BC. The despotate was mostly isolated from the rest of the world, mainly focusing on expansion and the unification of Kadolhan tribes. Despot Veĺko I in 532 BC crowned himself king, forming the Kingdom of Kadolha, which would centuries later turn into the Cozar Empire. The empire was formed in 349 BC and it reached its peak centuries later, specifically in 14 BC. The Cozar Empire split into the Northern Cozar Empire and the Southern Cozar Empire, commonly known as the Kadolhan Empire, in 517. The Kadolhan Empire was dissolved into fourteen smaller states in 1503, with the Principality of Kradelas proclaimed in 1508, which would a century later lead to the Reunification War. The Principality of Kradelas united the other thirteen states through a war started in 1573 and in 1711 the Republic of Kadolha was established. The 1802 coup d'état made the final reconstruction of the Kadolhan state, forming the Presidential Republic and the placing the current constitution in power. In 1866, Kadolha started involvement in Lipnitian affairs, that followed up to the invasion of the Kingdom of Lipnitia. The invasion ended in 1889 with the annexation of Lipnitia. By 1890, a Lipnitian was established, and in 1924, Lipnitia achieved independence through the October Uprising in the form of a  under the facade of a democracy. [FIRST GREAT WAR]. [SECOND GREAT WAR]. Kadolha granted the Satarian Federation independence in 1952, with the exception of Primoria. The Kadolhan regime always sought interest in toppling the Lipnitian People's Republic, a established in 1941. After the famine, in 1953, Kadolha declared support for the opposition during the revolution in Lipnitia, which lead to a bombing campaign of communist-held positions for months, ending in the establishment of a pro-Kadolhan called the Republic of Lipnitia. The signing of the Treaty of Trafov transitioned Lipnitia into a democratic republic, marking the end of the pro-Kadolhan regime. 1988 marks the start of the Primorian War when Sataria declared war upon Kadolha to regain Primoria. The Satarian invasion was successfully repelled in 1991, resulting in Kadolhan victory. Primoria has remained overseas territory ever since.

Kadolha is the leading member of the Collective Strategic Defense Organization (CSDO) and a part of the Kadolhan-Bloodian Union, a formed between the two states in 1950. Kadolha has adhered a isolationist policy with closed borders, although there are many ethnic groups located on the borders with neighboring countries. Primoria is considered an exclave by the government, hence why economic statistics, demographics and area measurements are done by special offices, but are still included with the estimates on the mainland, the only exception being overseas territories, who's statistics are not included with the mainland's. Kadolha is ranked as one of the richest and most developed countries in Slavia.

Politics and government
Kadolha is a presidential republic, with the government divided into a executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch.

The government and politics of Kadolha takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the president is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in the president, the government and the National Assembly. Kadolha had three different constitution throughout history, whilst the final and fourth constitution, written and placed into power in 1802 is currently placed among the oldest constitutions in Slavia.

The President, elected by a popular vote for a six-year term, is both the head of state and head of government. According to the constitution, the president is not limited and can run for every term. The Vice President is appointed by the president himself, along with the Council of Ministers. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Kadolhan National Defence Forces. Nemańa Bozhanovich is the 29th President of Kadolha, he came into power after winning the 2009 presidential election and the 2015 presidential election for a second term.

The executive branch is composed of the President, Vice President and the Council of Ministers.

The legislative branch of the government forms the National Assembly. The National Assembly is a legislative body and it has a total of 518 members, elected for a five-year term by a popular vote. The assembly may only express their discontent towards any of the ministers and propose a dismissal, and make proposals regarding any important decisions regarding national security, foreign intervention and the enactment of laws.

The judicial branch of the government is the Supreme Court, which is the highest authority within the justice system, where judges are appointed by the President himself. A Constitutional Court with the power of judicial review also exists within the justice system, and a variety of judges are also appointed by the President, with only one being elected by a popular vote.

The largest political parties in Kadolha are the New Republican Party, National Socialist Party, Kadolhan Unitary Party, Conservative Party of Kadolha and the Kadolhan Radical Party.

Foreign relations
Kadolha's foreign policy is conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its head, the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The current minister is Bojan Nemańić, a member of the New Republican Party. The main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Kadolha before other states; safeguarding the interests of the Kadolhan state and of its citizens abroad; the promotion of Kadolhan culture; and the fostering of closer relations with the Kadolhan diaspora.

Kadolha is a member of the with the Bloodian Social Republic, called the Kadolhan-Bloodian Union, but despite that, the country itself is allied with Bloodia, Lipnitia, Veršec, Arkanovia and Bolguria in a military and economic alliance called the Collective Strategic Defense Organization (CSDO). Kadolha maintains relations with all countries Slavia, having an embassy or consulate in each.

There is only one mission in particular that the Ministry holds important: the stabilization of Lyrinia and cease of ethnic conflicts between Lyrinans and Vretekans, furthermore to prevent another civil war from breaking out. The current government aims for improved relations between Lyrinia and Kadolha, despite the diplomatic and military support given to the Vretekan people in the past three civil wars, in an attempt to secede and form the Second Republic of Vreteke.

Law and criminal justice
Kadolha has a three-tiered judicial system, the system is overseen by the Ministry of Justice, specifically by the Minister of Justice. The current law system in use is the typical system. The judiciary system is made up of the following three courts:
 * Supreme Court of the State and the Highest Commission — The highest judiciary body in the state, also known as the "court of last resort". The Supreme Court is responsible for the trial of offenders who have attempted or have caused immense damaged to the state.
 * Court of Criminal Appeal — This court hears and reviews appeals from legal cases that have already been heard in a high or lower court.
 * High Court of Justice and Lower Court of Justice — The lower court may take in appeals, the decision of this court is often reviewed by the Court of Criminal Appeal. The High Court of Justice is the court which deals at first instance with the most serious and important civil and criminal cases.

The law is enforced by the Kadolhan National Police Force, which itself is subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. National security, intelligence and counterintelligence operations are handled by the State Security Agency.

The judiciary system also holds two supreme war tribunals, they are tasked to trial and bring a final verdict to war criminals of both Kadolhan and foreign origin, which is done after a certain amount of evidence is gathered and when witnesses are brought in after a war that Kadolha took part in. Throughout Kadolha's military history, since the year the war tribunal was established in 1804, there have been only a few cases involving war criminals of Kadolhan origin, although there was a case of treachery involved, because it was commonly foreign soldiers and officers who were trialed, and very likely imprisoned or executed. The two war tribunals are the following:
 * Supreme War Tribunal of the First Class — Responsible for trialing and convicting foreign commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers who have committed serious offenses against the state.
 * Supreme War Tribunal of the Second Class — Responsible for trialing and convicting commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers of Kadolhan origin who have committed serious offenses against the enemy state and the Kadolhan state.

Military
The Kadolhan National Defence Forces are subordinate to the Ministry of National Defence and are composed of the Kadolhan National Land Forces; the Kadolhan National Air Force; and the Kadolhan National Naval Force. The current strength of the KNDF is 920,000 active personnel and 136,000 reserve personnel, the military budget is 4% of the country's. Ranked among one of the most powerful militaries in Slavia, the peak strength of the KNDF, formerly the Kadolhan Defensive Forces, was in the 1940s during the Second Great War.

The Commander-in-chief of the Kadolhan National Defence Forces is the President of Kadolha, whilst the Minister of National Defence and the Head Chief of the General Staff are selected by the President after the election.

Administrative divisions
Kadolha is consisted of twenty-nine regions subdivided into 437 municipalities. The capital city Kradelas is located in the Capital Region, hence the name of the region. The Capital Region is the only self-governing region in the entire country, all other regions have no powers of their own and are often centers of state authority. The following is a list of all twenty-nine regions: #C. Capital Region; 1. Trnovče; 2. Prilišta; 3. Petrovka; 4. Đavolac; 5. Vriškan; 6. Jakovac; 7. Mrikovac; 8. Lučevac; 9. Varažija; 10. Bukovac; 11. Saračevo; 12. Vrĺac; 13. Pelaćin; 14. Delinkovac; 15. Meriča; 16. Čavkoje; 17. Lavožka; 18. Ivučac; 19. Voluća; 20. Novašovac; 21. Vežaĺska; 22. Aĺavrać; 23. Šekoval; 24. Žarkovo; 25. Niković; 26. Berežija; 27. Kaĺušeća; 28. Feĺača.

The region of Vačarje, located west of the Kadolhan mainland and separated by a sea is a special administrative region of Kadolha, hence why censuses are done by special offices, just like with other special administrative regions, overseas territories and exclaves. Although censuses and estimates are conducted by special offices, unlike overseas territories, they are taken into account with mainland estimates, such as with the population. This region is bordered by Bloodia to the north. Primoria is designated as an exclave by the Kadolhan government, which is disputed territory between Sataria and Kadolha, as well as dominantly Kadolhan in terms of population and settlements. Vačarje is divided into three sub-regions: North Vačarje, Central Vačarje and South Vačarje; along with Primoria, which is divided into two sub-regions: West Primoria and East Primoria. Another special administrative region is Larinija, located north of the Kadolhan mainland, bordered by Bloodia. In most cases it is referred to as an exclave, but because of its historical significance it is designated as a special administrative region. It has two sub-regions: North Larinija and South Larinija.

Demographics
According to the 2015 census, the population of Kadolha is 61,357,846 and the overall population density stands at 46 inhabitants per square kilometer. The estimated total fertility rate is 3.02 children born/woman, the birth rate stands at 13, which is significantly higher than the birth rate of 10.5 in 1984. The enforced ban on contraception and abortion helped the total fertility and birth rate to increase, same goes for the 3-year maternity leave that has been reinstated in the past two decades, as well as boosting part-time jobs. The mortality rate is 3.80, while the infant mortality rate is 1.40 per 1,000 live births, which is a decrease from the 2.60 rate in 2000. The intentional homicide rate per year per 1,000 inhabitants is 1.55, it experienced a major decrease since the 1970s, since the intentional homicide rate in 1973 was 5.62. Life expectancy is 82.6 for men and 89.3 for women.

There are six ethnic groups in Kadolha: the Kadolhans, which make up 96.7% of the population, the exact number is 90,792,510; the Bloodians make up 1.3% of the total population (1,220,581), their most populated areas are in western Kadolha, north Vačarje and around the border of Larinija; Lipnitians make up 1% of the population (938,909); Bolgurians make up 0.5% of the population (469,454); Arkanovians make up 0.4% of the population (375,563); and the Satarians which inhabit areas of the border with Sataria through Primoria, they make up 0.1% of the total population (93,890). Approximately ? million Kadolhans live outside Kadolha today. The literacy rate has remained the same for the past decade, 99.8% for males and 99.7% for females. The median age is 40.6, and has recently increased following the sudden increase in the average lifespan of the population.

Kadolha is predominantly a nation, having established the  Kadolhan Orthodox Church in 1197. Kadolhans prior Christianisation were faithful worshipers of, although some still remain today in the form of. Most Kadolhans today express themselves as Orthodox Christians, while a presence of Bloodian and Kadolhan rodnovers exists in the western portion of the country.

Religion
The Constitution of Kadolha recognizes Kadolhan Orthodoxy as the prevailing faith of the country, while guaranteeing religious belief of all its citizens, except for and, which are believed to be rooted out of Kadolha. The government keeps statistics and censuses on the population every year. The 2015 estimate on the population is 91.4% Kadolhan Orthodox (85,816,288), 3.5% Rodnover (3,286,181), 2.3% Kadolhan Catholic (2,159,490), 1.4% (1,314,472), 1%  (938,911) and 0.4%  (375,565).

The majority of Kadolhans consider themselves Kadolhan Orthodox Christians, along with a small number of Bloodians. The majority of Bloodians in western Kadolha, north Vačarje and Larinija are faithful followers of the Slavian Peoples Temple, also known as. The presence of Rodnovers influenced native Kadolhans to convert to the Slavic Native Faith, although they are in very small numbers compared to Bloodian Rodnovers.

The third biggest religion in Kadolha, Kadolhan Catholicism numbers 2,159,490, as already mentioned in the first paragraph. 2,159,126 people consider themselves Kadolhan Catholics, while only 364 Bloodians expressed themselves to be members of the Kadolhan Catholic Church.

and are the two of the smallest Christian religions in Kadolha, but they hold presence in northwestern and a portion of eastern Kadolha. There is very little presence of Kadolhans, numbering only 375,565, who are mostly,  and to a lesser extent.

and are believed to be rooted out of Kadolha, although it is a possibility that the Muslims originally came from former territories of the Kadolhan Empire, Lyrinia and Dedislavia, and since then religious persecution was started against the Muslims, followed by the persecution of Jews, who's arrival on Kadolha is still unknown. The persecution of Jews began in the mid-18th century, but a more widespread persecution of both Muslims and Jews came into motion in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, and since the end of the Second Great War, they are all believed to be rooted out.

Language
The official language is Kadolhan, native to 98.8% of the population. It is among the many languages with active, using the Kadolhan Cyrillic alphabet and the Kadolhan Latin alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet, according to the constitution, is the official alphabet and is to be used at all times, unlike Kadolhan Latin alphabet which isn't used in any documentation, although it is used on governmental, healthcare, educational and other civilian institutions. A survey shows that 94% of Kadolhans are in favor of the Cyrillic script and 6% in favor of the Kadolhan Latin script.

The first accounts of the Kadolhan language date back to the Kadolhan despotate in 188 BCE, the same time around the old Kadolhan alphabet was written. The language was devised in 1739 by Kadolhan linguist, Karelij Hezajski, where he introduced his edited version of the Cyrillic alphabet in order to adapt it to the reformed Kadolhan language, making it the official script since 1740. From there on, the language spoken before 1740 is referred to as Old Kadolhan. Prior the reformation, Kadolhans used the, although the use and the older Kadolhan language turned into Slavonic-Kadolhan, which became widespread until the language was reformed.

The only recognized minority language is the, spoken primarily by Bloodians in the west, who's population in specific areas exceed 15%, along with a few Kadolhans who have it as either their mother tongue or secondary language. Common minority languages spoken primarily in border areas include Lipnitian, and.

Healthcare
Kadolha has a available for all its citizens, which is funded and directly controlled by regional authorities. The average life expectancy is 82.6 years for men and 89.3 years for women, the obesity rate for men is 5.6%, being among the lowest in Zemlya, which is a major decrease compared to the 6% in the 1980s, while the obesity rate for women has remained 5.2% there has never been a problem with Kadolhans becoming overweight, as the state encourages the people, especially the youth to become physically active sportsmen in order to lead a healthier life. A part of this was the anti-smoking, anti-alcohol consumption and anti-drug campaign funded by the authorities to decrease cigarette consumption, alcohol consumption and drug use, which effectively worked. The government spends 11.7% of its on healthcare, as it offers free healthcare for only citizens of Kadolha and to some extent Bloodian citizens residing in the country.

According to a National Statistics Bureau report, Kadolhans rank among the healthiest people in Slavia, only 10.4% of Kadolhan adults are smokers, 5.6% of the male population and 5.1% of the female population is obese. There have been no concerning health issues that would've caused an epidemic.

Education
Kadolha has a free education system, which is guaranteed for all Kadolhan and to an extent Bloodian citizens by the Constitution. Education in Kadolha is regulated by the Ministry of Education, the current Minister of Education is David Tanasěvić. Education starts in elementary schools, but there is an optional for children between the ages of three and six. consists of eight grades of elementary school starting at the age of seven. Students have the option to continue their education for four more years in and, or to enroll in vocational training for three years.

There are multiple in Kadolha, but the most popular are the University of Kradelas, University of Ĺotićgrad, University of Varina, University of Laškana and the Šekoval Regional University. The literacy rate of the male population is 99.8%, while the female population is only 0.1% below, standing at 99.7%. Education in primary and secondary schools is limited to state-owned educational facilities, while students may choose to attend either private tertiary or state-owned tertiary schools. Of course, education in state-owned schools is free, unlike in private universities, where students have to pay after the end of every semester.

The University of Kradelas is the highest-ranking Kadolhan educational institution and is one of the most rated in Slavia, followed by the Šekoval Regional University. The newest institutions are the University of Galebica, constructed in 2014, and the University of Nedićgrad, constructed in 2010.

Public holidays
The public holidays in Kadolha are defined by the Act on National Holidays in the Presidential Republic of Kadolha.